VISA-H
An index of the severity of proximal hamstring tendinopathy
What is the VISA-H?
The Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment - Hamstring (VISA-H) is a patient-reported outcome measure specifically designed to assess the severity of symptoms, functional limitations, and ability to participate in sports for individuals with proximal hamstring tendinopathy. This self-administered questionnaire comprises eight questions that systematically evaluate pain intensity and frequency in the buttock region, impact on daily activities and physical function, and capacity for sports participation. The VISA-H has been validated across multiple languages and clinical settings, making it a valuable tool for monitoring treatment progress and outcomes in patients with hamstring tendon pathology.
Scoring System
The VISA-H consists of 8 questions with a total possible score ranging from 0 to 100, where higher scores indicate better function and less pain. Questions 1-6 use a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) where patients mark their response on a 10cm line, with 0 representing the worst possible outcome and 10 representing optimal health (each question worth up to 10 points). Question 7 assesses sports participation and contains four categorical responses scored as 0, 4, 7, or 10 points depending on the level of participation and pain experienced. Question 8 evaluates training duration despite pain, scored based on the number of minutes patients can train (0-10 points for 0 minutes, up to 30 points for >100 minutes). The maximum score of 100 represents an asymptomatic individual with no functional limitations, while a score of 0 indicates severe symptoms and complete inability to participate in activities.
General Information
Clinical Information
Instructions
In this questionnaire, the term "pain" refers specifically to pain in the buttock region. Please answer every question with one response that most closely describes your condition. If you have never had pain, then you would score the highest possible score of 100.
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VISA-H
An index of the severity of proximal hamstring tendinopathy
Instructions:
In this questionnaire, the term "pain" refers specifically to pain in the buttock region. Please answer every question with one response that most closely describes your condition. If you have never had pain, then you would score the highest possible score of 100.
Main Assessment (Questions 1-6)
0/10 = 0 minutes | 10/10 = 100 minutes
Strong severe pain = 0/10 | No pain = 10/10
Strong severe pain = 0/10 | No pain = 10/10
Strong severe pain = 0/10 | No pain = 10/10
Strong severe pain = 0/10 | No pain = 10/10
Strong severe pain = 0/10 | No pain = 10/10
Activity Level (Questions 7-8)
Not at all = 0 | Competing at the same or higher level = 10
8. Do you have pain undertaking sport?
Type: visa-h-8
8. Please complete EITHER A, B or C in this question. If you have no pain while undertaking sport please complete Q8a only. If you have pain while undertaking sport but it does not stop you from completing the activity, please complete Q8b only. If you have pain that stops you from completing sports, please complete Q8c only.
Patient Watch Form - 10/31/2025
Detailed Scoring Methodology
The VISA-H consists of 8 questions with a total possible score ranging from 0 to 100, where higher scores indicate better function and less pain. Questions 1-6 use a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) where patients mark their response on a 10cm line, with 0 representing the worst possible outcome and 10 representing optimal health (each question worth up to 10 points). Question 7 assesses sports participation and contains four categorical responses scored as 0, 4, 7, or 10 points depending on the level of participation and pain experienced. Question 8 evaluates training duration despite pain, scored based on the number of minutes patients can train (0-10 points for 0 minutes, up to 30 points for >100 minutes). The maximum score of 100 represents an asymptomatic individual with no functional limitations, while a score of 0 indicates severe symptoms and complete inability to participate in activities.
Meaningful Change Threshold
The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the VISA-H has been established at 22 points, indicating the smallest change in score that represents a meaningful improvement or deterioration in a patient's condition from their perspective. Changes of 22 points or greater are considered clinically significant.
About the Developers
Developed by Angelo Cacchio and colleagues in 2014 at the University of L'Aquila, Italy. Published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine (BJSM). The VISA-H was developed following the methodology of other VISA questionnaires (VISA-A for Achilles, VISA-P for patella) to provide a condition-specific outcome measure for proximal hamstring tendinopathy.
Copyright Information
Copyright © 2014 Cacchio et al. Published in British Journal of Sports Medicine. The VISA-H questionnaire is freely available for clinical and research use without licensing fees. Users are encouraged to cite the original validation study: Cacchio A, et al. Development and validation of a new visa questionnaire (VISA-H) for patients with proximal hamstring tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(6):448-452.
Administration Instructions
In this questionnaire, the term "pain" refers specifically to pain in the buttock region. Please answer every question with one response that most closely describes your condition. If you have never had pain, then you would score the highest possible score of 100.
Limitations & Considerations
A systematic review has identified very-low-quality evidence for the content and structural validity of VISA questionnaires, including the VISA-H, indicating the need for further validation studies. Specific limitations include: (1) The questionnaire relies on self-reported data which may be subject to recall bias and reporting bias; (2) It is specific to proximal hamstring tendinopathy and not validated for other hamstring conditions or injuries; (3) The sports-specific questions (items 7-8) may be less relevant for sedentary individuals or those not engaged in regular sporting activities; (4) Cultural and language variations may affect interpretation despite validated translations; (5) The questionnaire does not assess psychosocial factors such as fear avoidance or kinesiophobia which can influence outcomes; (6) Limited evidence exists for the questionnaire's responsiveness to change over short time periods.
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